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GEN. JAMES WILKINSON AND OF HIS CONNEXION WITH AARON BURR. [“Proofs” Pages 21-40] Daniel Clark  1766-1813 |
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GEN. JAMES WILKINSON AND OF HIS CONNEXION WITH AARON BURR. [“Proofs” Pages 21-40] Daniel Clark 1766-1813 |
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Each section below reflects a true page of this historical publication. Note links refer to the letters and documents that Daniel Clark used as evidence of his former friend's treachery. People and place-name links are to biographical and geographical pages in Encyclopedia Louisiana. Time links are to the Encyclopedia Louisiana Timeline. |
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leans, 1740 only have reached my hand, this independent of poor Owens's loss. The whole of this last sum is not lost, but is not within my control, and will not be so for six or nine months.” Here then is a fourth payment from New-Orleans confessed, which does not agree in amount or circumstance with either of the others. The first sum, it will be remembered, was carried up by himself six years before; the second was confided to Owens and is expressly excepted; the third was given to Collins, was a different amount, and came safely to his hands. This, then, was a fourth and an additional payment; but how came the general so communicative? The former part of the letter gives the reason. He had just risen from “cool Madeira,” and the truth which is in wine had for once corrected the habitual falsity of his language. The last item in this disgusting account between treachery and corruption, is a sum of 9640 dollars, of which we have the most minute, positive and convincing proof. The disappointments to which general Wilkinson had been subject in the former remittances seem to have engaged the attention of his employers; they feared perhaps that a long interval between their payments might give time for some lurking honest principle to rise, and bring him back to a sense of duty; or that he might be frightened into it by a fear of discovery, should such an accident again occur as had befallen Owens. Their proselyte was then too high in command ñ had too near a prospect of being able to serve them |
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with effect, for them to neglect any means of preserving his attachment. Whatever might be the cause, great care seems to have been taken to secure the safe delivery of the pension for 1796. Some time previous to the 20th of January of that year, the Baron de Carondelet shipped the sum of nine thousand six hundred and forty dollars, on board a royal galley, and though ostensibly addressed to Vincent Folch, directed it to be delivered to Don Thomas Portell, the commandant at New-Madrid, with the following letter: “In the galley Victoria Bernardo Molino Patron, there has been sent to Don Vincent Folch, 9640 dollars, which sum, without making the least use of it, you will hold at my disposal, to deliver it the moment that and order may be presented to you by the American general Don James Wilkinson. God preserve you many years. THE BARON DE CARONDELET New-Orleans, Jan. 20, 1796.” In the mean time the general, whose extravagance always anticipated the salary of his corruption, was importunate for his pay, and he requested Mr. Thomas Power, who appears to be the agent in whom both parties had the highest confidence, to go to New- Orleans to receive the money. On this arrival he was informed of its being sent to New- Madrid, and he immediately returned with a letter from the secretary of the governor, D. Andreas Armesto, to apprise the general that his wages were ready. He charged Power to receive them, who came to New-Madrid for that purpose in June, but an unforeseen |
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difficulty arose. Portell was by the above letter directed to deliver the money only to the general or his order. He seems to have considered this to mean a written order, and as Power was unprovided with one, in order to show that he equally possessed the confidence of the Spanish government and of Wilkinson, he was obliged to write a letter to Portell, by which he enters into details extremely edifying on the present occasion, and on which I shall particularly remark in a subsequent part of this inquiry. He details his different missions, and the address with which he executed them. He tells them of his being sent to New-Orleans for this very money—of the conversations he had with the governor and secretary—of the means which he (Power) had recommended to conceal the money, by Wilkinson's special direction—of his return to Wilkinson with the secretary's letter, and of his coming now on purpose to receive the sum. He enlarges on the disappointment to the general, and the injury to the king's service that would result from any delay in making the remittance, and paints in very strong terms, the necessity of furnishing sugar and coffee in which to conceal the dollars. Portell seems to have yielded to the force of this reasoning, and to have acknowledged Power, by the tokens exhibited, as one of the initiated in the mysteries of the intrigue. He answers him on the different points, consents to deliver the money, and to furnish the sugar and coffee to conceal it; and gives him the copy he had requested, of the Baron's official letter of the 20th of January. |
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After having received the money and the merchandise, Power departed, and escaping the vigilance of gen. Wayne, by whose orders he was diligently watched, he arrived in Louisville, with his charge from thence he proceeded to Cincinnati, and applied to Wilkinson to know what he should do with the money, who directed him to pay it to Nolan. He did so, and the general afterwards acknowledged that he had received it. These circumstances are proved by the letter from Carondelet to Portell, (No. 14.,) the correspondence between Power and Portell, No. 15 and 16.) and the deposition of Power, (No. 17.) Some remarks may be necessary to show the force of this testimony, which will be found to be irresistible: The letter of Carondelet is certified to be a true copy by Portell, who died many years ago; he was commandant of the post, and his certificate of any paper among his records bore, by the Spanish laws, the faith of an exemplification. He could at that time have had no motive for a forgery of this nature—Power could have none to have asked him to make it, and the baron they both knew was a man shoes signature they could not have trifled with impunity. This certified copy was given to Power at the time, as his warrant for delivering the money to Wilkinson. Portell's letter to Power is the original draft, sworn to be exact by him, and proved so better than a thousand oaths, by its internal evidence, and by the manner in which Portell's answer tallies with it. If this evidence wanted support, it would be abundantly found in the following docu- |
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ments. 1st. The deposition of Mr. Derbigny, (No. 18,) a gentleman of great respectability at the bar of New-Orleans, then a resident of New-Madrid, He declares that he sold to Mr. Powers the coffee and sugar for the purpose of packing the dollars, and that the object of both of Powers's negotiation and of the payment of the money, was communicated to him by a Spanish officer, and was generally known at the port. 2d. The deposition of Mr. Mercier, (Note 19,) then a clerk employed in the office of the Baron de Carondelet, who unequivocally asserts the agency of Power, the correspondence in cypher with Wilkinson, and the object of it. 3rd. By the following extract of a letter from Andrew Ellicott, Esq. To general Wilkinson (the whole of the letter will be referred to in another branch of this inquiry), “About the 16th of October, 1799, captain Portell, who then commanded at Apalachy, informed me that at New-Madrid, in the year 1796, he put on board a boat under the direction of Mr. Thomas Power, 9640 dollars for your use. I questioned him frequently whether this money was not on account of some mercantile transaction—he declared it was not; he likewise mentioned several other gentlemen who received money from the Spanish government by the same conveyance, and assured me that they were considered as pensioners by the officers of his catholic majesty. I entered the sum of 9640 dollars on a piece of paper now in my possession, and handed it to captain Portell, who told me it was correct.” |
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On Mr. Power's arrival at New-Madrid, when sent down by Wilkinson for the money, he found, as was stated, a difficulty arising from the want of an order; this produced the correspondence between him and Portell above cited. Mr. Power thought it necessary to account for the apparent indiscretion of his communications to Portell, and therefore wrote the letters to the Baron de Carondelet and governor Gayoso (No. 20 and 21, dated 27th June). On his return to New-Madrid, after the delivery of the money, he again apprised both these officers of his return and the success of the mission, in two letters; (No. 22 and 23, Dated 3d January 1797;) the original drafts of those letters are now in my possession, and I beg the reader to attend to these documents, not only for the light they throw on this particular point, but for their referring to dispatches in cypher from Wilkinson, and instructions brought by Nolan, both of great importance in the subsequent part of this inquiry. In addition to those corroborative proofs, a multitude of other depositions can be had whenever the legal inquiry is instituted; these however, will suffice to prove, I think undeniably, the payment of the several sums I have mentioned by the Spanish government to an American general. Before we proceed to demonstrate the falsity of his excuse, that the sums he received were the prices of his tobacco, I must advert to two other circumstances, which are not supported by positive proof, but which, connected with the other facts, are extremely suspicious. The one is the 4000 dollars mentioned by |
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me in my deposition before the house of representatives as being laden, by special
permission under-stood to be for Wilkinson, by Mr. Le Cassagne, in the year '93 or '94;
the other is the general's purchase of sugars at New-Orleans in 1804. It is provided by the
deposition of Mr. M'Donough, (No. 24,) that while at New-Orleans, as one of the
commissioners, Wilkinson purchased sugars to the amount of 9640 dollars, which were
paid for in dollars contained in such bags as they are brought in from La Vera Cruz. And
this affidavit, as well as the one before referred to of Mr. Peter Derbigny, prove that the
circumstance was considered as an extraordinary one. Wilkinson was always known to
have lived extravagantly. The savings out of his pay and emoluments could not have
amounted to 10,000 dollars. And it seems to have excited not only the attention of those
who were in the secret of his former connection, but even the governor Claiborne, who,
according to Mr. Branford's declaration, appears to have entertained suspicions not very
honorable to the integrity of his colleague, until he found means to remove his doubts by
an assurance that the money was received from lieutenant Taylor, the military agent at
New-Orleans. The public, however, will not, I believe, be quite so indulgent as governor
Claiborne. They will ask something more than the mere assertion of general Wilkinson.
He has by his own admission, reduced the question on this hand to a single point. It
would have been difficult without the proof of his conversations with Mr. Bradford and
governor Claiborne, (Note No. 25,) |
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to have excited any thing more than suspicion; but for this he might have pointed to a variety of sources, from either of which a possibility would result of its being honestly acquired. But he has made his election—it must have been received either from lieutenant Taylor, for the generals drafts on the treasury for extra services, or in direct payment of those services - or it must have been received from some other person for a purpose which he is ashamed to avow. Now if received from Mr. Taylor, nothing would have been more easy than to have silenced his accusers by producing the accounts. If Taylor made the payments, he could then have been resorted to; and though he is since dead, a reference may be had to his books. If he only advanced the money on the general's drafts, a copy of these bills from the accountant's office, if drawn in Taylor's favour, and dated at her time of his residence in New-Orleans, would have been strong evidence in favor of his explanation. But when it is remembered that their charge has been already publicly discussed, and that this proof is so easily obtained if it really existed has never been produced, the general's silence affords the strongest reason to believe, that he cannot support the excuse which he gave to Mr. Bradford and governor Claiborne; at any rate, the officers of government may easily determine whether to be well founded. The books of the proper department, will in a moment show whether this large sum of money was actually paid during the winter or spring of 1804, when the purchase of sugars was made. If it were not, I repeat, that the proof, though |
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otherwise light is now conclusive. He has hung up his defence on that point, and unless he shows it to have been received from Taylor, there will be no doubt that the Mexican dollars in the Mexican bags, were received from the Marquis de Casa Calvo, who then, and for a long time after, resided at New-Orleans, and who, while the general staid, was on the most intimate terms of friendship with him. In the mean time I give this rather as a subject of suspicion for further inquiry, than as a positive charge; not wishing to confound it with the decisive proofs I have already adduced. Having established the receipt of the money, let us now inquire to what account it is placed by the general and his friends. Here every one who has at all attended to the nature of his defence, must have remarked a studied obscurity, a confusion of dates, sums and circumstances, that evidently show a design to avoid inquiry. This charge was a serious one. It came forward in a respectable shape; it merited an answer. The general thought so too. He clamoured for inquiry, but never sought it. Instead of defending his own character, he attacked that of his accusers, and flattered himself that the public attention was withdrawn from his infamy, while it was only astonished at the boldness of his calumny. If the monies received from the Spanish government were the proceeds of a commercial speculation, how easily might his accusers have been covered with confusion. All that would have been necessary was the exhibition of and account, designating the sums he had received, |
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and showing how they had become due. I have received, he might have said, 6000 dollars by Ballinger, 6000 by Collins, 9640 by Power; but they were the proceeds of a fair trade, and here are the accounts to support it. This is so natural a course for innocence to have pursued, that we cannot but suspect guilt when we see it departed from; a balance sheet for each year would have humbled his enemies in the dust, and his character would have beer the more firmly established from the impotent attack. Instead of this, what is done? Why the general publishes his Plain Tale, where in answer to the charge of his having received specific sums of money from the Spanish government, all he says is this: “his {gen. Wilkinson's} commercial engagements were exclusively with the Spanish government of Louisiana, as he never sold a cent's worth of property in the market after his first voyage; of course, the cash he received was from the government of the country, and this he received in person, on his bills of by remittance through various channels. The last payment was made him in the year 1796, through his agent Philip Nolan, being a balance which had risen on recovery of some tobacco, which it had been believed was damaged and lost in the year 1789.” This is the only passage of his justification in which he ever alludes to any sums received, or endeavours to give any account of the consideration for which they were paid. If he received money as he says in person, he can tell the amount. If he drew bills, the sums and the parties may be shown. If he received remittances, there can be no difficulty in designating them, |
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and showing by the other side of the amount the consideration for which they were paid. These vouchers would have been infinitely more satisfactory to the public than the general Knox's letters or than my memoire to the secretary of state with which he has enriched his defence. GENERAL WILKINSON did not do this because HE DID NOT DARE TO EXHIBIT HIS ACCOUNT. He knew the original accounts were in my hands, that they were signed by him and his agents, and that the result of their examiniation would destroy him forever. It appears, however, that before the court of inquiry he did produce some accounts which have been carefully kept from the public eye. The result, however, is stated in the sentence, and is extremely important in this investigation. The sentence (No. 26) states, 1st. That it does not appear that he received any money from the Spanish government, or any of its officers, since the year 1791. 2nd. That it does not appear by the general's statement, that his agents several years after '91, received and remitted to him several sums for tobacco, which had been stored as damaged in the year 1798. It is to be remembered that the court of inquiry did not think proper to state the amount of these several sums, or to designate at least the years in which they were paid, that we might have compared them with other payments. Not having the aid which the account exhibited to the court of inquiry would have afforded, I must use the materials I have; they will, I believe, be amply sufficient. We have it from the general's admission, as stated in the sentence, that he received |
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no money from the government or any of its officers for tobacco or other produce, since the year '91. But I have incontrovertibly shown, that the sum of 6000 dollars by Owens, of the 6333 by Collins and the 9640 by Powers, were all received from the government or its officers long after the year 1791. They were then by his own confession, not received for tobacco. On what account then were they paod? It does not appear from whom the sum of 6590 dollars, mentioned in the letter to Adair, was received; whether from his agent Nolan, or from the officers of government. I do not therefore include it in the abover calculation, but added to those three sums, they form a total of 28,563 dollars, which were all received after '91. Now admitting them to be the produce of the damaged tobacco, and thathtis damaged tobacco had sold as well as that which was merchatable, there must have been at least 570 hogsheads, an extraordinary quantity to have laid forgotten for so many years. But I do not rely, though I safely might, on the evident absurdity of this poor excuse. I have promised to leave no doubt on this point, and I hasten to fulfil my engagement. We have seen that the general came down with a small cargo in 1787, and that in August 1788, he entered into a parnership with my kinsman Daniel Clark, who had been his agent for the disposal oa all property he sent down previous to the partnership. The day after that connection was formed, the previous accounts were made out, settled and signed by both parties. (See No. 27..) This settle- |
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ment presents a payment of 335 dollars to major Dunn for balance, and shows that 3000 dollars out of 10.000. the whole amount of the sales, had been advanced to Wilkinson a year before the produce came down, and that the produce was drawn for, in favour of different persons to whom he owed money. It also appears by this settlement, that mr. Clark acknowleged to have on hand a quantity of tobacco in bulk, weight unknown, and also other parcels amounting to eight hogsheads, for which he made himself accountable when sold. None of the monies therefore which I have shown to have been paid to general Wilkinson, arose out of any commercial transaction prior to the 8th of August 1788. On that day the partnership with Daniel Clark, senior commenced. The accounts of that partnership from its date to the 1st May, 1789, were settled on that day, and a balance of 2681 dollars then paid to capt. Abner M. Dunn, the brother of one of he partners. The gross amount of sales by this account, appears to be 16,41 dollars. At the foot of it is added the feceipt of Mr. Dunn, for the balance. (See No. 28.) By this account the balance appears to have been paid to capt. A. B. Dunn, and was by him taken round by sea to his brother, the partner of Wilkinson, in Kentucky. On the fifth of September in the same year, general Wilkinson was at New-Orleans, and there made another settlement, by which it appears that there was a balance only of 401 dollars in his favour, which was paid to Nolan, his agent, by his order, (See No. 29,) and of course, that the sum of 6000 dollars, sta- |
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ted by Ballinger and Mr. Jones to have been taken up this year could not have proceeded from any of his commercial operations. An inspection of the account will show that the large payments were always made either in advance to Wilkinson himself, or to his order in favour of different persons to whom he was indebted. This account is signed by Wilkinson himself, and closes the accounts of the partnership, which, as we have stated, was dissolved on the 18th of the same month. (See No. 5.) In this settlement the tobacco which is mentioned as loose, and weight unknown is the first account settled by major Dunn, is accounted for, and appears to have amounted only to 974 dollars. Thus all the tobacco transactions up to the 18th September, 1789, were distinctly placed before the public - they must of necessity have entered into the partnership accounts, and those accounts are annexed; and let it be remembered that it is to this year, 1789, that the general and the court of inquiry refer for the shipments which are to account for the enormous sums which he has been proved to have received. It should also be remarked that ehe periodical rise of the water taking place from February to June, after that period, except on eextraordinary occasions, the accounts of the year close in the commerce between the Ohio and New-Orleans,and therefore not much more can be expected from the accounts of this year; but there is still a portion of the time and a remnent of the transaction to be elucidated, and I will not leave a day or cent unaccounted for. |
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Prior to the disollution of the partnership, Mr. Clark had sent up the river on the joint account, a boat called the Speedwell, eith a cargo amounting to about 8000 dollars. Thsi not being included in the settlement, Wilkinson, as appears by the document before referred to, (No. 4,) agrees that he will invest the proceeds in good tobacco, and ship it to New-Orleans on their joing account in the month of December next; and that when he has fulfilled this and another undertakking of the same nature, with respect to a debt he was authorised to collect, then the partnership should cease. It appears by a letter from Wilinson to Mr. Clark, dated 20th May, 1790 (No. 30,) that the shipment which was by the general's engagement to have been made in December, 1789, could not take place until the spring of the following year. And here, if our sole purpose was to refute the half-uttered, hesitating excuse that has ben offered, hee we might stop, for confused as the defence is, thus much at least has been distinctly stated, that the sums received after the year 1791, were all for tobacco shipments in '89; but the accounts to May 1790, are closed, irrevocably closed.The general's signature to the account, attests everything to the month of September. His letter shows that nothing was sent down between that time and May. With this refutation of his only defence, I might stop; but I will anticipate the answer to any amendment he might make by pretending the mistake of the year, and after showing that the sums he received did not proceed from his commercial operations in the year '89, I |
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will show as clearly that they were not produced by those of 1790, which by his own confession was the last of his commercial existence. By the agreement for dissolving the partnership, as we have seen, it appears that the Speedwell's cargo was to have been invested in tobacco, on the account of the partnership. By the letters No. 29 and 30, it appears that the proceeds were so invested; that the purchase of tobacco to a large amount were also made on the general's own account—but to equalise the risk, the whole wa thrown into a common account, the proceeds to be divided in proportion to the respective interests. This is explicitly stated in both letters—and in consequence of it, we are furnished with proof which we otherwise should not have had. if the Speedwell's cargo had been separately invested. As this business was nominally transacted by Nolan, his account of that investment would have given us only partial information, and it might be said that the monies that we have proved to have been received were the proceeds of the residue of the shipment; but the whole being carried to one general account, Mr. Clark was entitled to an account dales of all eht adventure, and he was liable for his proportion of any loss that might have happened by the damage done to any part. We accordingly find that the general in his letter is minute as to that loss, and states in the first letter that a flat with 40 hhds, had been sunk, which by the second appears to have been recovered with a los of about 12 or 15 hhds. In the second letter, June 20 1790, (No. 31,) the general expresses his mortification that the tobacco |
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is not yet gone on, and says, “Events have justified the propriety of my making no distinction in the tobacco shipped at this time,or allotting any separate protion for the account of the Speedwell, as three of the fleet are still aground in Kentucky river, with 118 hhds. on board.” Nolan arrived with this shipment of tobacco; it was sold to the government; it was sold for the net sum of 15,850 dollars. The account, as well ofthe purchase as the sales as the sales, was rendered by Nolan; for the former dated Kentucky, 7th May, 1790, and the latter New-Orleans, 21st Septembe in the same year.This adventure was then finally closed. All the tobacco must have been sold, or Mr. Clark, having been charged with his por tion of the whole purchase, whould have been entitled to his share of the sales of any remaining part of the tobacco. But as is evidenced by the accounts (No. 32,) the whole concern was closed; Mr. Clark's proportion, about 33,400 dollars, was paid him, and Nolan applied the residue to the payment of the genral's debts, his creditors being at that time many and clamorous. Indeed, so much was he then pressed, that tho; and error of 473 dols. was discovered in the former accounts, and is certified by Nolan (No. 33,)yet he could not discharge it, but it still remains due.—In the next year Mr. Wilkinson became a general, but not before he became a bankrupt. After the death of major Dunn, he became a prtner with Peyton Short, and I am authorised without the fear of contradiction to state, that htis gentleman felt for years the embarrassments caused by the connection. That Wilkinson |
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went to the army in debt to him, as well as to many other persons who had been imprudent enough to trust him. That he availed himself of his official station to elude the payment of his debts, and when at last by the firmness of Mr. James Hughes (to whom Mr. Short had in dispair surrendered the task) he was forced to a settlement, that his accounts exhibited no outstanding debts at New=Orleans, no tobacco stored there, none of those sources from whence he produced his subsequent wealth. His accounts with the estate of major Dunn will be found to be equally silent on this point, and those of his other partnership are now before the public. What device? What evidence? what excuse can now be formed to hide him from this open and apparent shame? His commercial speculations afford no cover for his political corruption, and however probable it may be that he cheated his partners, his infamous excuse is insufficient after these proofs to clear him fro the charge of having sold his country. Over any other but so arrogant, so unlusihing an offender, it would be mean to triumoh; but elevated by the consciousness of integreity, I look with contempt on the wretch who is grovelling beneath me, bon whome punishment operates no reformation, detection no remorse—and who regrets loss of character only because it deprives him of the means of deception. Disgusted as I am with the task of exposing him, it is not yet finished. I have proved the payment of the money, and I have demonstrated that it was not the proceeds of his commerce. It remains to show that it was the hire of his treason. |
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I first recur to the testimony of Mr. Power (No. 34.) I know that htis gentleman, from a mistaken senxe of duty to his country, a false idea of friendship, under an improper impression of pity, was induced to give an evasive certificate, tending to support the character of Wilkinson. But he has always supported the character of an honest man, he has always been in the most respectable society, and is highly esteemed by his friends. On this occasion, however I use his testimony rather to justify him, by showing how strongly is is corroborated by other indeniable proof, that because I need it to support my case. His first mission was in 1795, from Gayoso, who was then at New-Madrid to general Wilkinson at Cincinnati on the Ohio—he was a bearer of a letter the purport of which was rather hinted at than communicated to him. On his delivering it, the general supposing him more fully informed than he was, communicated freely with him on the projected treason. It was to be efected by a separation of the western states from the union by the aid of Spain. The means to effect this were considered and matured in frequent conversations between the general and the emissary, who was sent by the former to Galliopolis, to sound the Fench inhabitants of that settlement. On his return the plan of opperations wa settled, and memorandums made which have been kept by Mr. Power, and of which he now gives the copy. Employed continuslly in this project, he gives the detail of his different voyages and journies, and the means by which he escaped discovery. The minuteness of |
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his dates, and the number of persons whom he names, would certainly lead to detection if he were guilty of the slightest inaccuracy. That he was the principal agent between the Spanish government and general Wilkinson, is notorious; and the documents and other testimony to which I shall refer will, independent of his own testimony, put the object of his different missions beyond a doubt. The first of these is a letter written by Wilkinson himself to governor Gayoso, dated 22d September 1796, after Mr. Power had made several visits to him and had ingratiated himself by the dexterity with which he eluded the resrarches of Wayne, and brought to the general the reward of his treason. It is so important, that instead of throwing it among the other proofs I insert it in the body of my work; every word is a proof— every line an argument stronger than any I can offer: Fort Washington, Sept. 22, 1796. Ill health and many pressing engagements, must be my apology for a short letter. I must refer you to my letter to the Baron for several particulars, and to a detail of my perils and abuses, I must beg leave to refer you to our friend Power, whom I find of youthful enterprise and fidelity; HE CERTAINLY DESERVES WELL OF THE COURT, and I don't doubt that he will be rewarded. What a political crises is the present! and how deeply interesting is its probable results, in all its tendencies, and thereby must hope it may not be carried into execution. If it is, an entire reform in |
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